SENDMAIL(8)	    UNIX Programmer's Manual	      SENDMAIL(8)



NAME
     sendmail - send mail over the internet

SYNOPSIS
     /usr/sbin/sendmail [ flags ] [ address ...  ]

     newaliases

     mailq [ -v ]

DESCRIPTION
     _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l sends a message to one or more _r_e_c_i_p_i_e_n_t_s, routing
     the message over whatever networks are necessary.	_S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l
     does internetwork forwarding as necessary to deliver the
     message to the correct place.

     _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l is not intended as a user interface routine; other
     programs provide user-friendly front ends; _s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l is used
     only to deliver pre-formatted messages.

     With no flags, _s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l reads its standard input up to an
     end-of-file or a line consisting only of a single dot and
     sends a copy of the message found there to all of the
     addresses listed.	It determines the network(s) to use based
     on the syntax and contents of the addresses.

     Local addresses are looked up in a file and aliased
     appropriately.  Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the
     address with a backslash.	Normally the sender is not
     included in any alias expansions, e.g., if `john' sends to
     `group', and `group' includes `john' in the expansion, then
     the letter will not be delivered to `john'.

     Flags are:

     -ba	 Go into ARPANET mode.	All input lines must end
		 with a CR-LF, and all messages will be generated
		 with a CR-LF at the end.  Also, the ``From:''
		 and ``Sender:'' fields are examined for the name
		 of the sender.

     -bd	 Run as a daemon.  This requires Berkeley IPC.
		 _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l will fork and run in background listen-
		 ing on socket 25 for incoming SMTP connections.
		 This is normally run from /_e_t_c/_r_c.

     -bi	 Initialize the alias database.

     -bm	 Deliver mail in the usual way (default).

     -bp	 Print a listing of the queue.




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     -bs	 Use the SMTP protocol as described in RFC821 on
		 standard input and output.  This flag implies
		 all the operations of the -ba flag that are com-
		 patible with SMTP.

     -bt	 Run in address test mode.  This mode reads
		 addresses and shows the steps in parsing; it is
		 used for debugging configuration tables.

     -bv	 Verify names only - do not try to collect or
		 deliver a message.  Verify mode is normally used
		 for validating users or mailing lists.

     -bz	 Create the configuration freeze file.

     -C_f_i_l_e	 Use alternate configuration file.  _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l
		 refuses to run as root if an alternate confi-
		 guration file is specified.  The frozen confi-
		 guration file is bypassed.

     -d_X	 Set debugging value to _X.

     -F_f_u_l_l_n_a_m_e  Set the full name of the sender.

     -f_n_a_m_e	 Sets the name of the ``from'' person (i.e., the
		 sender of the mail).  -f can only be used by
		 ``trusted'' users (normally _r_o_o_t, _d_a_e_m_o_n, and
		 _n_e_t_w_o_r_k) or if the person you are trying to
		 become is the same as the person you are.

     -h_N	 Set the hop count to _N. The hop count is incre-
		 mented every time the mail is processed.  When
		 it reaches a limit, the mail is returned with an
		 error message, the victim of an aliasing loop.
		 If not specified, ``Received:'' lines in the
		 message are counted.

     -n          Don't do aliasing.

     -o_x_v_a_l_u_e	 Set option _x to the specified _v_a_l_u_e. Options are
		 described below.

     -q[_t_i_m_e]	 Processed saved messages in the queue at given
		 intervals.  If _t_i_m_e is omitted, process the
		 queue once.  _T_i_m_e is given as a tagged number,
		 with `s' being seconds, `m' being minutes, `h'
		 being hours, `d' being days, and `w' being
		 weeks.  For example, ``-q1h30m'' or ``-q90m''
		 would both set the timeout to one hour thirty
		 minutes.  If _t_i_m_e is specified, _s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l will
		 run in background.  This option can be used
		 safely with -bd.



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SENDMAIL(8)	    UNIX Programmer's Manual	      SENDMAIL(8)



     -r_n_a_m_e	 An alternate and obsolete form of the -f flag.

     -t          Read message for recipients.  To:, Cc:, and Bcc:
		 lines will be scanned for recipient addresses.
		 The Bcc: line will be deleted before transmis-
		 sion.	Any addresses in the argument list will
		 be suppressed, that is, they will _n_o_t receive
		 copies even if listed in the message header.

     -v          Go into verbose mode.	Alias expansions will be
		 announced, etc.

     There are also a number of processing options that may be
     set.  Normally these will only be used by a system adminis-
     trator.  Options may be set either on the command line using
     the -o flag or in the configuration file.	These are
     described in detail in the _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _O_p_e_r_a_-
     _t_i_o_n _G_u_i_d_e.  The options are:

     A_f_i_l_e	 Use alternate alias file.

     c		 On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to
		 connect to, don't initiate immediate connection.
		 This requires queueing.

     d_x          Set the delivery mode to _x. Delivery modes are
		 `i' for interactive (synchronous) delivery, `b'
		 for background (asynchronous) delivery, and `q'
		 for queue only - i.e., actual delivery is done
		 the next time the queue is run.

     D		 Try to automatically rebuild the alias database
		 if necessary.

     e_x          Set error processing to mode _x. Valid modes are
		 `m' to mail back the error message, `w' to
		 ``write'' back the error message (or mail it
		 back if the sender is not logged in), `p' to
		 print the errors on the terminal (default), `q'
		 to throw away error messages (only exit status
		 is returned), and `e' to do special processing
		 for the BerkNet.  If the text of the message is
		 not mailed back by modes `m' or `w' and if the
		 sender is local to this machine, a copy of the
		 message is appended to the file ``dead.letter''
		 in the sender's home directory.

     F_m_o_d_e	 The mode to use when creating temporary files.

     f		 Save UNIX-style From lines at the front of mes-
		 sages.




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     g_N          The default group id to use when calling
		 mailers.

     H_f_i_l_e	 The SMTP help file.

     i		 Do not take dots on a line by themselves as a
		 message terminator.

     L_n          The log level.

     m		 Send to ``me'' (the sender) also if I am in an
		 alias expansion.

     o		 If set, this message may have old style headers.
		 If not set, this message is guaranteed to have
		 new style headers (i.e., commas instead of
		 spaces between addresses).  If set, an adaptive
		 algorithm is used that will correctly determine
		 the header format in most cases.

     Q_q_u_e_u_e_d_i_r	 Select the directory in which to queue messages.

     r_t_i_m_e_o_u_t	 The timeout on reads; if none is set, _s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l
		 will wait forever for a mailer.  This option
		 violates the word (if not the intent) of the
		 SMTP specification, show the timeout should
		 probably be fairly large.

     S_f_i_l_e	 Save statistics in the named file.

     s		 Always instantiate the queue file, even under
		 circumstances where it is not strictly neces-
		 sary.	This provides safety against system
		 crashes during delivery.

     T_t_i_m_e	 Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the
		 queue to the specified time.  After delivery has
		 failed (e.g., because of a host being down) for
		 this amount of time, failed messages will be
		 returned to the sender.  The default is three
		 days.

     t_s_t_z,_d_t_z	 Set the name of the time zone.

     u_N          Set the default user id for mailers.

     In aliases, the first character of a name may be a vertical
     bar to cause interpretation of the rest of the name as a
     command to pipe the mail to.  It may be necessary to quote
     the name to keep _s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l from suppressing the blanks from
     between arguments.  For example, a common alias is:




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	  msgs: "|/usr/ucb/msgs -s"

     Aliases may also have the syntax ``:include:_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e'' to
     ask _s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l to read the named file for a list of reci-
     pients.  For example, an alias such as:

	  poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"

     would read /_u_s_r/_l_o_c_a_l/_l_i_b/_p_o_e_t_s._l_i_s_t for the list of
     addresses making up the group.

     _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l returns an exit status describing what it did.  The
     codes are defined in <_s_y_s_e_x_i_t_s._h>
	EX_OK		 Successful completion on all addresses.
	EX_NOUSER	 User name not recognized.
	EX_UNAVAILABLE	 Catchall meaning necessary resources
			 were not available.
	EX_SYNTAX	 Syntax error in address.
	EX_SOFTWARE	 Internal software error, including bad
			 arguments.
	EX_OSERR	 Temporary operating system error, such
			 as "cannot fork".
	EX_NOHOST	 Host name not recognized.
	EX_TEMPFAIL	 Message could not be sent immediately,
			 but was queued.

     If invoked as _n_e_w_a_l_i_a_s_e_s, _s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l will rebuild the alias
     database.	If invoked as _m_a_i_l_q, _s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l will print the con-
     tents of the mail queue.

FILES
     Except for /etc/sendmail.cf, these pathnames are all speci-
     fied in /etc/sendmail.cf.	Thus, these values are only
     approximations.

     /etc/aliases		   raw data for alias names
     /etc/aliases.pag
     /etc/aliases.dir		   data base of alias names
     /etc/sendmail.cf		   configuration file
     /etc/sendmail.fc		   frozen configuration
     /usr/share/misc/sendmail.hf   help file
     /var/log/sendmail.st	   collected statistics
     /usr/spool/mqueue/*	   temp files

SEE ALSO
     mail(1), rmail(1), syslog(3), aliases(5), sendmail.cf(5),
     mailaddr(7), rc(8);
     DARPA Internet Request For Comments RFC819, RFC821, RFC822;
     _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l - _A_n _I_n_t_e_r_n_e_t_w_o_r_k _M_a_i_l _R_o_u_t_e_r (SMM:16);
     _S_e_n_d_m_a_i_l _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_o_n _G_u_i_d_e (SMM:7)





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